Food in the 70s

The 1970s had many types of foods. There were A&W Rootbear floats, bat juice, big moon cookies and more. Burger king was popular at the time, there shakes, burgers and more. Candies and sweets were popular also. They had weird names like Bat juice and Doo Dads. They food in the 70s is a bit similar but we have upgraded to new things. They had foods that were able to put in the microwave. The people in the 70s used frozen packages to eat. They also had box packages. We can see that there is no big difference in the foods in the 70s to the foods today. Food is food and we eat it!

Historical Events Jones Town

• Jones Town Massecre
• Important poeople involved was Congressman Ryan
• November 18, 1978
• Where:Port Kaituma, Guyana
• It all started when Ryan was visitin Jones Town few hours later Don Sly grabbed Ryan while wielding a knife. The trasctor and trailer driven by the Twin Otter shooters.
• After Ryan being attacked the Otters Twin go to aircraft to get Ryan who was parting to Georgestown. Then Larry Layton(Cessna attack) was bordered in that plain and injured Monica Bagby, and Vernon Gosney, tried to kill Dale Parks whom disarmed him. At Port Kaituma passengers boarded larger twin otter,then tractor comes neasr by and starts shooting.
• 912 followers of Jim Jones died by shooters others were forced to drink poison 280 children were killed
• According to an affidavit dated June 15, 1978 one-time Temple member and Jonestown resident Deborah Layton stated that "conditions had become so bad that half of Jonestown was ill with severe diarrhea and high fevers." But despite this they "were required to work in the fields from 7 AM to 6 PM six days per week and on Sunday from 7 AM to 2 PM" and the "food was woefully inadequate." Ms. Layton advised that "Rev. Jones claimed that he was the reincarnation of...Lenin, Jesus Christ ,and had divine powers." And further stated that Jones also "appeared deluded by a paranoid vision of the world. He would not sleep for days at a time and talk[ed] compulsively about the conspiracies against him." The compound "was swarming with armed guards [and] no one was permitted to leave unless on a special assignment," Layton said. Jim Jones warned "that the time was not far off when it would become necessary for his followers to die by their own hands," she added. A so-called "White Night" or "state of emergency" was often declared at the compound and within this context mass suicide was rehearsed.

Historical Figure Henry Kissinger

• Henry kissinger


• May 27, 1923


• Born in Fuerth ,Germany


• He was th 56th Secetary of State of the United States from 1973-1977. An Assistant to the U.S President for National Security . He came to the U.S in 1938, and was naturalised a U.S citizen on June 19, 1943. He married Ann Fleisher in 1949 ,and then divorced in 1964. They had two children named Elizabeth and David Kissisger. Later he remarried Nancy Maginnes in 1974.


• Received the BA Degree Summa Cum Laude at Harvard College in 1950 and MA and PhD degrees at Harvard University in 1952 and 1954.


• He served as Study Director, Nuclear Weaponds and Foreing Policy, U.S Army Intelligence Corps, captain Millitary Intelligence Reserve
• Wrote many books and articles on U.S foreing policy, international affairs, and diplomatic history.
• Awards: Nobel Peace, Presidental Medal of Freedom, Hope Award, Medal of Liberty

Literary Figure Sam Shephard

Name: Sam Shepard Rogers
BirthDate:November 5, 1943
BirthPlace:Fort Sherida, Illinois

Besides being considered one of the best Americans greatest living playwrights, haned Sam Shepard. Which is an achived actor, director, screen writer, and musician. samuel Shepard Rogers IV on Noovember 5, 1943 in Font Sherida, Illinois. Shepard was the oldest of three children, his family moved a llot before setting in Duarte, California, Located outside of pasadena, where his childhood experiences informed themes that mark much of his later playwriting. where he lived he said Duarte was a "weird accumulation of things, a strange kind of melting pot". Shepard's father was an alcaholic; and Shepard was often the target of his father's anger. In high school he began acting and writing poetry, and he also worked as a stable hand at a horse ranch in Chico from 1958-1960.

Shepard was thinking of becoming a veterinarian, he studied agriculture at Mount Anthony. Junior Collage for a year. Then he joined a traveling theater group, named the Bishop's Compang Repertory Players he joined them and left home. He toured with them during 1962-1963, he moved to New York City and worked as a bus boy at the Village Gate in Greenwich Village. He married actress O-Lan Jones Dark on Nov. 5,1969, with whom he had one son named Jesse Mojo Shepard and divorced in 1984.

• 1971 he wrote THE TOOTH OF CRIME, BLUE BICTH, LITTLE OCEAN

Computers

• In the last few decades computers made huge differences in helping to make the world more accessible to the general population. In the 1970's , few people had no idea what their computer technology would lead to. In 1970's the popularity of computers was just beginning to take hold. As a result, several companies were expanding and improving on computer technology to increase the income potential and by making personal home computers more accessible and fun to use for everyone.


• The Tandy corporation technology was one of the computer technology leading company in the 1970's. The most popular computer by then as the TRS-80. Within its first year being in the market, over 55,000 consumers had bought the Tandy TRS-80 to use in their homes or offices. In 1981 the TRS-80 was discontinued.


• In 1977 the Apple Company introduced their Apple II model. Many believed this model was going to be the beginning of the personal computer revolution because it was the first most successful computer systems in the United States.

Norman Mailer

• Norman Mailer


• January 31, 1923 - November 10, 2007


• He was an American novelist


• Norman Mailer is considered an innovator of narrative nonfiction. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National book award once.


• In 1955, Norman Mailer with Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf published The Village Voice.


• In 2005, he won the medal for distinguished contribution to American letters from the National Book Foundation.


• Norman Mailer was born into a Jewish family. His dad was a south African-born accountant, and his mom ran a housekeeping and nursing agency.


• Mailer entered Harvard University in 1939 where he studied aeronautical engineering. In Harvard he became interested in writing and publishing his first story at age 18. After graduating in 1943, he was drafted into the U.S Army. In World War II he wasn't involved much in the combat and completed his service as a cook, but the experience there made him write a book called The Naked and the Dead


• In 1977, Henry Abbott had read about Mailers work on The Executioner's song and wrote to Mailer to enlighten the author about Abbott's conditions and his time behind bars.


• In 1971 he had a daughter named Maggie with Carol Stevens whom he married later in 1980. They got divorced two days after their wedding.

Nixon going to China

During the 70s President Nixon went to China. Nixon's priority was to gain an honorable Peace in Vietnam. He also made America's relationships with China and the Soviet Union better. In 1972 President Nixon who had risen in politics as a strong anti-communist visited communist China. By Nixon going to China, he was take advantage of the decade-long rift between China and the Soviet Union. China had said that the Soviet Union was being too soft in its policies against the west.

Nixon wanted to have the Chinese on our side for when they negotiated with the Russians. China and the United States made important agreements. The two nations agreed that neither of them would try to dominate the Pacific and that both would cooperate in settling disputes peacefully. They also agreed to participate in scientific and cultural exchanges as well as to reunite Taiwan with the Mainland.

Space Exploration

By the time the 1960s was over the United States had made two successful manned lunar landings. Some Americans were losing interest in going into space because they had accomplished a goal from President Kennedy. They were also spending a lot of money to go to outer space. Moon landings continued through 1972.they almost lost Apollo 13 astronauts in April 1970.

Apollo 20 was cancelled but they carried out Apollo-Soyuz Test Projects on July 1975. Many projects that the NASA had planned for the 70s were being cancelled. The US and Solvent were having unmanned missions and having lunar launches. China entered the space race in the 1970. Japan launched for the first time in 1972.

Kurt Vonnegut

• November 11, 1922- April 11, 2007


• Indianapolis, IN


• Kurt Vonnegut was an American author. He was known for his outspoken political opinions. He wrote essays, articles, and short stories. Lots of Vonnegut's work has now been translated into t.v shows or films.


• A fun fact was that he elevated himself above the est of humanity.


• Kurt Vonnegut attended Shortridge high school, where he wrote for the schools paper. After high school, he enrolled in New York's Cornell University. He got a major in biochemistry but then ended up leaving Cornell to join the U.S. army in 1942.


• In 1970 Vonnegut began teaching creative writing at Harvard University.


• Vonnegut's work are: SLAUGHTER HOUSE-FIVE (1972), BREAKFAST OF CHAMPIONS (1973), GALAPAGOS (1985), BLUEBEARD (1987), HOCUS POCUS (1990), TIMEQUAKE (1997).

Gloria Marie Steinem

• March 25, 1934


• Toledo, Ohio


• Gloria Steinem is an American feminist icon. She is a journalist and a social and political activist. She became an important political leader of the women's rights movment of the 1960's and 1970's.


• Steinem attended Waite High School in Toledo, but she graduated from Western High School om Washington, D.C. After she graduated she attended Smith College.


• Gloria Steinem got her carrer in journalism. she wrote for help! She was impolyed as a playboy bunny at the new York Playboy club. Then she began doing special edition for the New York Magazine.

Richard Nixon

• January 9, 1913-April 22, 1994


• Yorba Linda, California


• Richard Nixon was the 36Th vice-president of the united states. He was a senator from California.


• Oneof Richard Nixon's important work he did when he was president, was to go to china.


• One of Nixon's bad achievement was the Watergate. That's what made him resign as the president of the united states. This was so bad because he was involved and he had offered to pay for the people that broke in the Watergate for their silence.


• Richard was and wasn't a significant person. Hewas the president of the united states. he was the first president to go to china and work things out. The only thing that he did that was bad was the whole Watergate conflict. The Watergate was the thing that messed up his career and being president.

Foods of the 1970s

What average people eat in all times and places depends upon who they are (religious/ethnic heritage), where they live (urban centers, rural outposts) and how much money they have (wealthy folks had more choices). American chefs in the 1970s got to choose between classic French and fresh innovation. When New Southwest Cuisine spliced into the kitchen our American culinary map exploded into delicious fragments of provocative taste.
Most home cooks did not have this luxury of choice. Economic challenges of the 1970s went beyond the even/odd days at gas pumps. They also visited butcher counters in local supermarkets. Period cookbooks are imperfect barometers of actual plates served to real people. At best, they accurately report the collective vision of what average, middle class-people "should be" eating. For that reason they are worth examining. If you interview anybody who ate their way through the 1970s you are likely to find their meal recollections were pretty different from the following recommendations. People eat what's in the house. If the primary cook has time to cook traditional time-consuming recipes then so dines the rest of these house. Most folks through the ages valued food economy & prep time.
Since World War II, and especially since the 1970s, shifts in eating patterns have greatly accelerated. World War II played a key role in making the American diet more cosmopolitan. Overseas service introduced soldiers to a variety of foreign cuisines, while population movements at home exposed to a wider variety of American food ways. The post-war expansion of international trade also made American diets more diverse, making fresh fruits and vegetables available year round.

Historical Figure-Ayaotollah Khomeini

Ayatollah Khomeini was born in September 24, 1902. He was a religious leader and dictator of Iran in 1979. In 1962, the monarch of Iran passed a bill that allowed municipal officials in the country to take their oaths of office on whatever Holy Scripture they preferred. The move offended Khomeini and other Islamic fundamentalists, who considered the Koran to be the only appropriate swearing mechanism. While the United States has a blase attitude toward protests and boycotts, the monarchy in Iran was less flexible. The order was rescinded, and suddenly Khomeini was a force to be reckoned with. The fallout from the swearing issue led to widespread unrest, as the secular monarchy struggled to contain the strong fundamentalist population. In November 1979, a group of student radicals overran the U.S. embassy and took everyone inside hostage, with Khomeini's support, in retaliation for the U.S. agreeing to shelter the Shah. The crisis lasted for more than a year, paralyzing Jimmy Carter's presidency and eventually contributing greatly to his loss toRonald Reagan in the 1980 election. After the Shah died, the hostages were released on Jan. 20, 1981, the day of Reagan's inauguration.
Khomeini himself died of prostate in June 1989. Although the man died, the revolution lived on.
Doubtless he would have been disappointed by Iran's expression of sympathy to the United States on September 11, and he probably would have been infuriated by the fact that Iran is currently trying to patch up relations with the U.S. in order to avoid being the next target of George W. Bush's wrath.
　
　

The world's first general microprocessor

The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. The 4004 is the first complete CPU on one chip, the first commercially available microprocessor, a feat made possible by the use of the new silicon gate technology allowing the integration of a higher number of transistors and a faster speed than was possible before. The 4004 employed a 10 μm silicon-gate enhancement load pMOS technology and could execute approximately 92,000 instructions per second (that is, a single instruction cycle was 11 microseconds).
The 4004 was released on November 15, 1971. Packaged in a 16-pin ceramic dual in-line package, the 4004 is the first computer processor designed and manufactured by chip maker Intel, which previously made semiconductor memory chips. The chief designers of the chip were Federico Faggin and Ted Hoff of Intel, and Masatoshi Shima of Busicom (later of ZiLOG, founded by Federico Faggin)
Originally designed for the Japanese company Busicom to be used in their line of calculators (instead of the complex special purpose calculator chipset that Busicom had designed themselves and brought to Intel to have made, which Intel determined was too complex to make with the technology they had at the time), the 4004 was also provided with a family of custom support chips. For instance, each "Program ROM" internally latched for its own use the 4004's 12-bit program address, which allowed 4 KB memory access from the 4-bit address bus if all 16 ROMs were installed. The 4004 circuit was built of 2,300 transistors, and was followed the next year by the first ever 8-bit microprocessor, the 3,300 transistor 8008 (and the 4040, a revised 4004).A popular myth has it that Pioneer 10, the first spacecraft to leave the solar system, used an Intel 4004 microprocessor. However, according to Dr. Larry Lasher of Ames Research Center, the Pioneer team did evaluate the 4004, but decided it was too new at the time to include in any of the Pioneer projects.
I think that this is signifigant because it was the first microprocessor. Which are used by a lot of house hold electronics. if this was never invented we would probably have no computer like electronics like video game systems or laptops and stuff like that.

1970s Golden age of video arcade games

At this time, computer and video game development split too many areas, such as arcade machines, university computers, handhelds, and home computers. In September 1971, the Galaxy Game was installed at a student union at Stanford University. Based on Spacewar!, this was the first coin-operated video game. Only one was built, using a DEC PDP-11/20 and vector display terminals. In 1972 it was expanded to be able to handle four to eight consoles. Also in 1971, Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney created a coin-operated arcade version of Spacewar! And called it Computer Space. Nutting Associates bought the game and manufactured 1,500 Computer Space machines, with the release taking place in November 1971. The game was unsuccessful due to its long learning-curve, but was a landmark, being the first mass-produced video game and the first offered for commercial sale. Atari was founded in 1972. The first arcade video game with widespread success was Atari's Pong, released the same year. The game is loosely based on table tennis: a ball is "served" from the center of the court and as the ball moves towards their side of the court each player must maneuver their bat to hit the ball back to their opponent. Atari sold 19,000 PONG machines, creating many imitators.
The arcade game industry entered its Golden Age in 1978 with the release of Space Invaders by Taito, a success that inspired dozens of manufacturers to enter the market. In 1979, Atari released Asteroids. Color arcade games became more popular in 1979 and 1980 with the arrival of titles such as Pac-Man. The Golden Age saw a prevalence of arcade machines in malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants and convenience stores. 1972 saw the launch of console based videogames with the original Magnavox Odyssey system in the USA. This had no gaming cartridges, but only a few programmed games in the console. The games featured a plastic sheet overlay that was placed on the television picture tube and held by static electricity, which would define the gaming space such as a basketball court or tennis court.
University mainframe game development blossomed in the early 1970s. There is little record of all but the most popular games, as they were not marketed, or regarded as a serious endeavor. The people, generally students, writing these games often were doing so illicitly, making questionable use of very expensive computing resources, and thus were not anxious to let very many people know what they were doing. There were, however, at least two notable distribution paths for the student game designers of this time.The PLATO system was an educational computing environment designed at the University of Illinois and which ran on mainframes made by Control Data Corporation. Games were often exchanged between different PLATO systems. DECUS was the user group for computers made by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and distributed programs, including games, that would run on the various types of DEC computers. A number of noteworthy games were also written for Hewlett Packard minicomputers such as the HP2000.
1971: Star Trek was created, probably by Mike Mayfield on a Sigma 7 minicomputer at MIT. This is the best-known and most widely played of the 1970s Star Trek titles, and was played on a series of small "maps" of galactic sectors printed on paper or on the screen. It was the first major game to be ported across hardware platforms by students. Daglow also wrote a popular Star Trek game for the PDP-10 during 1971–1972, which presented the action as a script spoken by the TV program's characters. A number of other Star Trek themed games were also available via PLATO and DECUS throughout the decade. Before the mid-1970s games typically communicated to the player on paper, using teletype machines or a line printer, at speeds ranging from 10 to 30 characters per second with a rat-a-tat-tat sound as a metal ball or belt with characters was pressed against the paper through an inked ribbon by a hammer. By 1975, many universities had discarded these terminals for CRT screens, which could display thirty lines of text in a few seconds instead of the minute or more that printing on paper required. This led to the development of a series of games that drew "graphics" on the screen.

Jonathan Livingston Seagull

I am doing a report on Jonathan Livingston Seagull, written by Richard Bach. First published in 1970 as "Jonathan Livingston Seagull — a story". It became a favorite throughout the United States. By the end of 1972, over a million copies were in print, Reader's Digest had published a condensed version, and the book reached the top of the New York Times Best Seller list where it remained for 38 weeks. In 1972 and 1973 the book topped the Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States. The book tells the story of Jonathan Livingston Seagull, a seagull who is bored with the daily squabbles over food. Seized by a passion for flight, he pushes himself, learning everything he can about flying, until finally his unwillingness to conform results in his expulsion from his flock. An outcast, he continues to learn, becoming increasingly pleased with his abilities as he leads an idyllic life. Not satisfied with his new life, Jonathan returns to Earth to find others like him, to bring them his learning and to spread his love for flight. His mission is successful, gathering around him others who have been outlawed for not conforming. Ultimately, the very first of his students, Fletcher Lynd Seagull, becomes a teacher in his own right and Jonathan leaves to continue his learning. I think this book is significant because it is a very interesting book. It was a very popular book at the time. It was also a bestselling novel. The plot is very long too. It has three parts to the book. It’s also is a fable in novella form.

Voyager space craft

The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 722-kilogram (1,592 lb) robotic space probe of the outer Solar System and beyond, launched September 5, 1977 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Cape Canaveral, Florida aboard a Titan IIIE/Centaur carrier rocket, shortly after its twin space probe, Voyager 2 on August 20, 1977. Its original mission was to visit Jupiter and Saturn. Voyager 1 is currently the farthest human-made object from Earth, traveling away from both the Earth and the Sun at a speed that corresponds to a greater specific energy than any other probe. Though its twin space-probe, Voyager 2, was launched 16 days earlier, Voyager 2 will never pass Voyager 1. Neither will the New Horizons mission to Pluto, despite being launched from Earth at a faster speed than both Voyager craft, since during its flight Voyager 1 benefited from a number of gravity assisted speed boosts. Voyager 1 was originally planned as Mariner 11 of the Mariner program. From the outset, it was designed to take advantage of the then-new technique of gravity assist. The identical Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes were designed with the possibility of a Grand Tour in mind, and their launches were timed to enable the Grand Tour if things went well. However, the two Voyagers were only funded by Congress as Jupiter-Saturn probes. Voyager 1 began photographing Jupiter in January 1979. Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5, 1979, at a distance of 349,000 kilometers (217,000 miles) from its center. Due to the greater resolution allowed by close approach, most observations of the moons, rings, magnetic fields, and radiation environment of the Jupiter system were made in the 48-hour period bracketing closest approach. It finished photographing the planet in April. Voyager 1's Saturn flyby occurred in November 1980, with the closest approach on November 12, 1980 when it came within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 mi) of the planet's cloud-tops. The Titan-approach trajectory caused an additional gravitational deflection that took Voyager 1 out of the plane of the ecliptic, thus ending its planetary science mission.
This event helped the space program a lot. It gave NASA a lot of pictures of Jupiter and Saturn. Which I think helped them a lot. It was the first space probe. It helped for the design of more of them. The two are still used today.

Historical figure Jimmy carter

The historical figure I am writing a report on is Jimmy Carter. Jimmy carter was born October 1, (1924- ). He was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate and as the 76th Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975.As president, Carter created two new cabinet-level departments: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. Carter sought to put a stronger emphasis on human rights. The final year of his presidential tenure was marked by several major crises, including the 1979 takeover of the American embassy in Iran and holding of hostages by Iranian students, a failed rescue attempt of the hostages, serious fuel shortages, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. By 1980, Carter's disapproval ratings were significantly higher than his approval, and he was challenged by Ted Kennedy for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1980 election. Carter defeated Kennedy for the nomination, but lost the election to Republican Ronald Reagan. After leaving office, Carter and his wife Rosalynn founded The Carter Center, a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization that works to advance human rights. He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations, observe elections, and advance disease prevention and eradication in developing nations.
Jimmy was a native Georgian, born and raised in the tiny southwest Georgia hamlet of Plains near the larger town of Americus. The Carter family had lived in the state for several generations, and his great-grandfather Private L.B. Walker Carter (1832–1874) served in the Confederate States Army. The first president born in a hospital, he was the eldest of four children of James Earl Carter and Bessie Lillian Gordy. Carter's father was a prominent business owner in the community and his mother was a registered nurse. He was a gifted student from an early age who always had a fondness for reading. By the time he attended Plains High School, he was also a star in basketball. He was greatly influenced by one of his high school teachers, Julia Coleman (1889-1973). While he was in high school he participated in the Future Farmers of America, which later changed its name to the National FFA Organization. Carter had three younger siblings: his brother, William Alton "Billy" Carter (1937–1988), and Sisters Gloria Carter Spann (1926–1990) and Ruth Carter Stapleton (1929–1983). During Carter's Presidency, his brother Billy was often in the news, often in an unflattering light. He married Rosalynn Smith in 1946. They had four children: John William "Jack" Carter (born 1947); James Earl "Chip" Carter III (born 1950); Donnel Jeffrey "Jeff" Carter, (born 1952) and Amy Lynn Carter (born 1967).

I think that this person is significant because he was one of the presidents. He settled a lot of peace negotiations. He also solved a decent amount of problems. One kind of interesting fact about him is that he had a lot of family members. I think that he was a pretty important president.

Historical event Kent state

The historical event I am doing is Kent state. The Kent State shootings, also known as the May 4 massacre or Kent State massacre, occurred at Kent State University in the city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, 1970. Four students were killed and nine others were wounded, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis. Some of the students who were shot had been protesting against the American invasion of Cambodia, which President Richard Nixon announced in a television address on April 30. However, other students who were shot had merely been walking nearby or observing the protest from a distance. There was a significant national response to the shootings: hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools closed throughout the United States due to a student strike of eight million students, and the event further divided the country, at this already socially contentious time, along political lines. In November 1969, the My Lai Massacre was exposed, prompting widespread outrage around the world and leading to increased public opposition to the war. In addition, the following month saw the first draft lottery instituted since World War II. The war had appeared to be winding down throughout 1969, so the new invasion of Cambodia angered those who believed it only exacerbated the conflict. Many young people, including college students and teachers, were concerned about being drafted to fight in a war that they strongly opposed. The expansion of that war into another country appeared to them to have increased that risk, though the number of troops serving in Vietnam peaked in 1967, well before that time. Across the country, campuses erupted in protests in what Time called "a nation-wide student strike", setting the stage for the events of early May 1970. In September 1970, twenty-four students and one faculty member were indicted on charges connected with the May 4 demonstration or the ROTC building fire three days before. The individuals, who had been identified from photographs, became known as the "Kent 25." Five cases, all related to the burning of the ROTC building, went to trial; one non-student defendant was convicted on one charge and two other non-students pleaded guilty. One other defendant was acquitted, and charges were dismissed against the last. In December 1971, all charges against the remaining twenty were dismissed for lack of evidence.
I think this event is very important. There was a significant national response to the shootings. Because a lot of students didn’t like what happened. They were protesting against how America was invading Cambodia, then they were shot all they were doing was walking from a distance.

Historical Event 26 Amendment

The historical event I am doing is The Twenty-sixth Amendment (Amendment XXVI) to the United States constitution standardizing voting age to 18. It was adopted in response to student activism against the Vietnam War and to partially overrule the Supreme Court's decision in Oregon v. Mitchell. It was adopted on July 1, 1971. The first part is the right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. The second part is the Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. In his 1954 State of the Union Address, President Dwight D. Eisenhower became the first President to publicly state his support for prohibiting age based denials of suffrage for those 18 and older. A little over 16 years later, on June 22, 1970, President Nixon signed a law which required the voting age to be 18 in all federal, state and local elections In Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970), in which the Supreme Court declared the parts of the law which required states to register 18-year-olds for state and local elections to be unconstitutional. By this time, four states had a minimum voting age below 21. The Congress and the state legislatures felt increasing pressure to pass the Constitutional amendment because of the Vietnam War, in which many young men who were ineligible to vote were conscripted to fight in the war. "Old enough to fight, old enough to vote," was a common slogan used by proponents of lowering the voting age that traced its roots back to World War II, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the military draft age to eighteen. The idea was that people who were old enough to be drafted into the military should have a say in the selection of the civilian government that determines when and how military force is used. On March 10, 1971, the Senate voted 94-0 in favor of proposing a Constitutional amendment to guarantee that the voting age couldn't be higher than 18. On March 23, 1971, the House of Representatives voted 401-19 in favor of the proposed amendment. Within months the resolution was ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures, faster than any other amendment. The Twenty sixth Amendment was formally certified by the Administrator of General Services on July 7, 1971.
I think this event is very important. It’s a new amendment being activated, a pretty important one too lowering the voting age to eighteen. It was adopted in response to student activism against the Vietnam War. It was ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures, faster than any other amendment.

John Updike

I am writing a report on John Updike. He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania (March 18, 1932 – January 27, 2009).He was an American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic. Updike was widely recognized for his careful craftsmanship, his unique prose style, and his prolific output, having published more than twenty novels and more than a dozen short story collections, as well as poetry, art criticism, literary criticism and children's books. He also wrote regularly for The New York Review of Books. Updike populated his fiction with characters that "frequently experience personal turmoil and must respond to crises relating to religion, family obligations, and marital infidelity." Updike was born to Wesley Russell Updike and Linda Grace Hoyer in Reading, Pennsylvania. These early years in Berks County, Pennsylvania, would shape the environment of the Rabbit tetra logy, as well as many of his early novels and short stories. He graduated from Shillington High School as co-valedictorian and class president in 1950. Updike later attended Harvard after receiving a full scholarship. At Harvard, he "immediately established himself as a major talent of indefatigable energy, submitting a steady stream of articles and drawings for the Harvard Lampoon," which he served as president, before graduating summa cum laude in 1954 with a degree in English. After graduation, he decided to pursue a career in graphic arts and attended The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art at the University of Oxford. His early ambition was to be a cartoonist. Stylistically, his early stories were directly influenced by the New Yorker itself after returning to the U.S., Updike and his family moved to New York, where he became a regular contributor to The New Yorker. Later, Updike and his family moved to Ipswich, Massachusetts.
In Ipswich, Updike wrote Rabbit, Run (1960), on a Guggenheim Fellowship, and The Centaur (1963), two of his most acclaimed and famous works; the latter won the National Book Award. Rabbit, Run featured Rabbit Angstrom, a former high school basketball star and middle-class paragon who would become Updike's most enduring and critically examined character. Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom is 26, has a job selling kitchen gadgets, and is married to Janice, a former salesgirl at the store where he works. They have a two-year-old son named Nelson, and live in Mount Judge, a suburb of Brewer, Pennsylvania. He believes that his marriage is a failure and that something is missing from his life. Having been a basketball star in high school, Harry finds middle-class family life unsatisfying. On the spur of the moment, he decides to drive south in an attempt to escape. He soon returns home, however, where he visits his old basketball coach, Marty Tothero. Tothero introduces Rabbit to Ruth Leonard, who is a part-time prostitute, and they begin a three month affair. During this time, Janice moves back into her parents' house. Fearing Rabbit has abandoned her again, Janice begins drinking heavily that morning, and accidentally drowns their infant daughter Rebecca June. Rabbit returns to Janice and Nelson, suggesting reconciliation is possible as Rabbit seeks peace. Tothero visits Rabbit and suggests that the thing he is looking for probably does not exist. At the child's funeral Rabbit's internal and external conflicts result in a sudden proclamation of his innocence in the baby's death. He then runs from the graveyard, pursued by Jack Eccles, until he becomes lost. After wandering in the woods, Rabbit returns to Ruth and learns of her pregnancy. Though Rabbit is relieved to discover she has not had an abortion, he is unwilling to divorce Janice. Rabbit abandons Ruth, chasing the fleeting feeling he has attempted to grasp during the course of the novel. Rabbit's fate is uncertain as the novel concludes.
This person is significant because he is a good writer and wrote a lot of things. Like several sequels, including Rabbit Redux, Rabbit Is Rich and Rabbit at Rest, as well as a related 2001 novella, Rabbit Remembered. He also has a lot of experience writing and being a critic, he also won a lot of awards.

First man-made gene

Dr. Har Gobind Khorana was born in January 9, 1922 in eastern Pakistan. He went to D.A.V Multan High School. Finished his B.Sc from Punjab University, Lahore in 1943 and M.Sc in 1945. He was the first to demonstrate the role of nucleotides in protein synthesis. He became a professor of biology and chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970.
In 1976 Dr. Har Gobind Khorana and a team of scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology made history. They created the first man made gene that could work inside a cell. Unlike previous genes, this one was completely manufactured. The biochemists had put together a gene that corrects mutations. It could help prevent hereditary diseases. It could also be used in genetic engineering. This made some Americans very nervous. The debate over genetic engineering carried through into twenty- first century.

Gerald Ford

Gerald Ford was born on July 14, 1913 in Omaha, Nebraska and died December 26, 1913. Ford studied at the University of Michigan to get his degree in political science and economics. Ford became our 38th President of the United States. He was also our 40th Vice President from 1973-1974 at this time he became President due to Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974. Before he became Vice President he was a representative from Michigan for 25 years. While he was President, Ford did a lot of things to make the cold war less of a problem such as signing the Helsinki Accords which marked a move toward detente. Many people disagreed with Ford's decision to pardon Richard Nixon for his role in the Water Gates scandal. Also in 1976, Ford got the republican nomination over Ronald Reagan but then lost the election to a democrat, Jimmy Carter.

Steven Hawking

Steven Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. Hawking was born with Neuromuscular Dystrophy its a condition that paralyzes your body. Hawking studied at Oxford University to receive his B.A degree. In 1975 Steven Hawking figured out that when black holes form it radiates energy and starts losing mass by giving off Hawking Radiation. Hawking's work on black holes measure how energy changes from one form to another. He forged a link between gravity and entropy. When black holes were first discovered scientist thought that anything that fell into a black hole was lost forever. Hawking argued that black holes don't destroy everything that falls in eventually they open up and release information.

Awards: 1975, Eddington Medal
1976, Hughes Medal of the Royal Society
1979, Albert Einstein Medal

Roe v.s Wade

Roe v.s Wade is a case regarding abortion, which took place in United States Supreme Court in Washington D.C. The date of Roe. v.s Wade decision was on January 22, 1973. Roe v.s Wade decision was that if a woman was pregnant and she wanted an abortion in earlier months she was able to without restrictions, based on the right of privacy. Roe v.s Wade decision was to make abortion legal in the United States because it wasn't legal in other states. Roe v.s Wade was decided primarily on the Ninth amendment to the United States Constitution. The Alias Jane Roe was used for Norma McCorvey who originally filed the suit, she claims that the abortion law in Texas violated her Constitutional Rights. The defendant was the attorney of Dallas County, Texas, Henry B. Wade. Many people voted against Roe v.s Wade, the majority opinion was Harry Blackmun.

Joyoce Carol Oates

• Joyce Carol Oates


• Born June 16, 1938


• Not dead yet


• Birthplace: Lockport, New York


• Her mom is Corolina Oates a housewife and her dad is Frederic Oates a manufacturing worker. They lived in the lower middle class. She was raised as a catholic though is a atheist today. Married Raymond J. Smith in 1962.


• Attended Syracuse university on a scholarship. After graduating as valedictorian, she earned an M.A in English at the university of Wisconsin in1962.


• Became a novelist, short story writer, poet, literary critic, professor, editor.


• Awards: 1967 O. Henry award, 1970 National Book award, 1973 O. Henry award.
  One of her most important work is the novel called Them. It is about the struggles of the American life trough tree characters named Loretra, Maureen and Jules. They are attempting to reach normality and the American dream through marriage and money. Later on in the story Jules, Maureen and a character named Betty are all sent to a catholic school in Detroit. Soon Jules is expelled from the catholic school and sent to a public school away from his sisters.
  This literary work is significant because it won the National Book Award in1970. It talks about the difficulties of the American working class. Also the tragedies of the lower class in World War Two.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Patty Hearst

Patty Hearst was born on February 20, 1954 in San Francisco, California. Hearst was involved in bank robberies. Hearst wasn’t always like this she was an heiress, grand daughter to William Randolph Hearst he was known as practically inventing tabloid journalism. They were known for being a wealthy family. Hearst played different roles over the decades she was known as an heiress, victim, bank robber, actress, author, mother and wife. Hearst was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army or SLA.
She was kidnapped on February 4, 1974. Hearst was given a decision by the SLA to become one of them or to be killed. Hearst agreed to join and was given a new name Tania. The SLA forced Hearst to read a scripted letter while recording her and then the SLA would send it to the media. The media is thinking about what she is saying is true or not in the recording. The F.B.I finally caught up to Hearst and arrested her in 1915. She was in prison nearly two years and then President Jimmy Carter commuted her sentence in 1979. After being released for two months, she got married and had two daughters.

Watergate

The Watergate was a big scandal in the 1970’s. President Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal, which forced him to resign from office. The whole thing started when five men went to the Watergate complex in Washington D.C. for a burglary. The burglars planned to photograph documents outlining Democratic Party strategy.
Once the security caught people breaking in, they quickly tried to cover it all up. The workers tried to shred all the documents in Haldeman’s office. President Nixon had asked the F.B.I to stop with the investigations with the Watergate burglary. The committee to reelect the president (CRP) had passed out $450,000 to all of the Watergate burglars to buy their silence and not rat out President Nixon.
The Americans’ didn’t really pay that much to the attention to the whole Watergate burglary. Each day reporters were finding out new information on the burglary. The white house was denying every new post. In November 1972 Nixon was reelected.
In 1973, the Watergate burglars trail began. On March 20 James McCord sent a letter to Sirica, which said he had lied under oath and that there were powerful people of Nixon’s administration that were involved. On May 1973 the senate began its own investigation to find out if President Nixon was also involved.
A man named, John Dean, declared that the Nixon was strongly involved in the cover ups. Not only Dean said that but they also said that Nixon had tapings and that information was useful. That info revealed that Nixon was involved in the whole Watergate burglary. On August 5 Nixon released the tapes and then resigned as the president.

Earth Day

The first observance of Earth Day was on April 22, 1970. The cofounder senator Gaylord Nelson said he modeled Earth Day on Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations called the teach-ins. He said that once he was on a plane and he read an article about anti-war teach-ins to educate students about the Vietnam war. Then he had an idea about devoting day nationwide teach-in on the environment. His mayor objective was to organize a large public organization to get the attention of politicians, and to force the environmental issue into the political dialogue of the nation. The American public forever changed the political landscape respecting environmental issues.

All the Presidents Men

All the Presidents Men was published in 1974 its a non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. There two of the journalists that investigated the first Watergate break-in and ensuing scandal for the Washington post. The book has the investigation reports of Woodward has the investigation reports on the Watergate break-in through resignations, and the revelation of the Nixon tapes by Alexander Butter field in 1973. This book contains some of the materials from Woodward and Bernstein's Watergate papers much is used for the writing of the book All the Presidents Men. As the film adaptation to this book is released in 1976 that same year a sequel to this book was published which chronicled the last months of Nixon's presidency.

Daniel Ellsberg

In 1971 Daniel Ellsberg released the pentagon papers documents that showed how the people had been deceived about Vietnam how Richard Nixon created an extralegal clandestine force to retaliate. the plumbers break-in into Daniels Ellsberg office searching for information with which contributed to Nixon's downfall. The presidents henchmen tried more then burglary against Daniel Ellsberg. G. Gordon Liddy a plumber proposed to put an LSD on Daniel Ellsberg soup at a reception at which he was speaking. He thought the reception was i his honor by the federal employees for peace but Liddy said that the okay came from on high, which could only be the special council to the president , Charles Colson, or the President himself. Daniel Ellsberg never thought that the government did that to Americans but he was wrong. there was a discussion among the plumbers of killing him.

Historical Event-Three Mile Island

In 1979 there was a core meltdown at Three Mile Island. In Dauphin, Pennsylvania near Harrisburg. The accident began at 4:00 AM March 28, 1979. A cooling malfunction caused part of the core to melt in the #2 reactor. Up to 13 million curies of radioactive noble gases, but less than 20 curies of the hazardous iodine were released. The mechanical failures were compounded by the failure of plant operators to recognize the problem due to poor training. They did not see the failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed by a stuck pilot operated relief valve in the primary system, which allowed large amounts of reactor coolant to escape. Some radioactive gas was released a couple of days after the accident, but not enough to cause any dose above backgrounds levels to local residents. There were no injuries or health effects from the accident.
The #2 reactor took nearly 12 years and cost approximately $973 million to clean up the damage. The surfaces had to be decontaminated. Water used and stored during the clean up had to be processed. About 100 tons of damaged uranium fuel had to be removed from the reactor.

Disco 1970's

In 1978, the movie Saturday Night Fever starring John Travolta was one of the biggest film ever. He stars as a young man named Tony Manero in Brooklyn whose weekend activities are visits to a local discotheque. It temporarily helps him forget the reality of his dead end job. Also the clashes with his unsupportive parents and his associations with a gang.
The movie created a disco craze across the country. Travolta’s dance moves and disco fashion inspired inner city teens to dance, choosing the colored strobe lights and disco clubs. High school and collage students began to wear blue jeans and t-shirts. Sleeveless tops and muscle shirts also gained popularity with both men and women. Women began to wear hip-hanging clothing that showed of their curves. They also copied fashion from the ABBA a disco group. They added a string of tiny rhinestones to their eye lids for extra glitz and wear high heeled shoes. Men wear flashy suits with silky shirts opened to mid chest to show off their gold chains around their necks. Their suit pants were bell bottoms. By 1980 ,there were at least 10,000 discos in the U.S and the industry earned more than $4 billion per year. Americans waited eagerly for the weekend, when they could dress up dance the night away.

Historical Event-The 1970's oil crisis

On October 5, 1973, a war began, called the Yom Kippur war. It started with an attack on Israel, from Syria and Egypt. When the United States and other western countries showed support for Israel, the Arab oil exporting nations placed embargos on these countries. They cut production by five million barrels a day despite other nations increased their production. A net loss of four million barrels a day occurred throughout March of 1974. So OPEC raised crude oil prices from their 1972 level of $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel in 1974.
The huge price increase was due not only to reduced supply, but to U.S energy policies that placed price controls on domestically produced oil. It caused consumers to pay 50% more for imported oil. Americans were forced to wait in long lines or even make appointments to buy gasoline. In an effort to conserve energy, president Nixon tried to reduce the speed limit to 50 miles per hour. Around 1974 the embargo was lifted after the U.S helped establish a ceasefire in the October war. The crisis showed the world that the economic powers were countries with oil wells.